Uphuhliso kwiTekhnoloji yoomatshini bokutya: Ukuqhuba ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nomgangatho kwisondlo sezilwanyana zanamhlanje

Uguquko Lwembali LweeMishini Zokutya

1.1 Ukusuka kwimisebenzi eyenziwe ngesandla ukuya kwiinkqubo ezizenzekelayo

Uhambo lophuhliso loomatshini bokutya lubuyela emva kwimisebenzi esisiseko yesandla apho iinkqubo ezilula zokugaya, ukuxuba, kunye nokufaka iipellets zazifuna umsebenzi omkhulu wabantu kwaye zinika ukuchaneka okulinganiselweyo. Inqanaba lokuqala elikhulu lobuchwepheshe lenzeka phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20 ngokungeniswa kwee-conveyors zoomatshini, ii-hammer mills ezisisiseko, kunye nee-batch mixers. Ezi nkqubo zokuqala, nangona zimele uphuculo olukhulu kuneendlela zesandla, zazisasokola ngenxa yomgangatho wemveliso ongaguqukiyo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu, kunye namandla emveliso alinganiselweyo.

Iminyaka yoo-1980 yaphawula ixesha lotshintsho olubalulekileyo ngokuvela kweenkqubo ezilawulwa yikhompyutha ezavumela ukulinganiswa kwezithako ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokubeka esweni inkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, yayiyinguquko yedijithali yenkulungwane yama-21 eyaguqula ngokwenene oomatshini bokutya baba ziinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo esizibonayo namhlanje. Izibonelelo zemveliso yokutya zanamhlanje ngoku zidibanisa iindawo ezininzi zobuchwepheshe kubandakanya iirobhothi, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa, uqhagamshelo lwe-Intanethi yezinto (IoT), kunye nesayensi yezinto eziphambili.

1.2 Iziganeko ezibalulekileyo kuPhuhliso lweTekhnoloji

Iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezininzi zichaze ukuvela kwetekhnoloji yoomatshini bokuphakela ukutya:

Olu phuculo lwetekhnoloji luye lwanciphisa iimpazamo zabantu, lwaphucula ukuhambelana kwemveliso, lwaphucula imigangatho yokhuseleko, lwaza lwanyusa kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kulo lonke ishishini lezondlo zehlabathi.

Izinto Eziphambili Zeenkqubo Zanamhlanje Zoomatshini Bokutya

2.1 Iinkqubo zokwamkela nokugcina

Iinkqubo zokwamkela zanamhlanje ziye zavela ekukhupheni izinto ngesandla ezilula ukuya kwizisombululo ezizenzekelayo ezintsonkothileyo eziquka ubuchwepheshe obuninzi. Izitishi zokwamkela eziphucukileyo ngoku zinezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Iinkqubo zokuthatha iisampulu ngokuzenzekelayoeziqokelela iisampulu ezimeleyo ukuze kuhlalutywe umgangatho ngoko nangoko
• Amaqonga okulinganisa akrelekrelekunye nezinzwa ezichanekileyo ezikwaziyo ukubona utshintsho oluncinci
• Iinkqubo zokuchonga umswakamaezilungisa ngokuzenzekelayo iiparameter zokomisa ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zezinto ezingenayo
• Ukufunyanwa kongcolisekoukusebenzisa izixhobo zokufumanisa isinyithi, iimagnethi, kunye neenkqubo ze-X-reyi ukuqinisekisa ubunyulu bezinto eziluhlaza

Itekhnoloji yokugcina izinto ihambele phambili ngendlela efanayo ngophuhliso lwe:

• Ii-silos ezikrelekrelezixhotyiswe ngee-sensors zenqanaba, ukujonga ubushushu, kunye neenkqubo zokungenisa umoya ngokuzenzekelayo
• Iinkqubo zolawulo lwe-First-in-first-out (FIFO)eziphucula ukujikeleza kwempahla kwaye zithintele ukonakala kwezinto
• Ukubeka iliso kwimekoelandelela ubushushu, ukufuma, kunye namanqanaba e-CO2 ukuthintela ukonakala

2.2 Ubuchwepheshe bokuSila kunye nokunciphisa ubungakanani

Ukusila kumela enye yeenkqubo ezisebenzisa amandla amaninzi ekuveliseni ukutya, nto leyo eyenza ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kakuhle kube luncedo kakhulu. Iinkqubo zokusila zanamhlanje ziquka:

• Iidrives zefrequency eziguquguqukayo (ii-VFD)eziphucula isantya semoto ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zezinto kunye nobukhulu beesuntswana ezifunekayo
• Uyilo oluphambili lwe-hammer millngezicwangciso zesikrini ezilungiselelwe kakuhle kunye nezixhobo ezingagugiyo
• Iinkqubo zohlalutyo lobungakanani bamasuntswanaezibonelela ngempendulo yexesha langempela yokulungiswa kwenkqubo
• Iinkqubo zokubuyisa amandlaezibamba kwaye zisebenzise kwakhona ubushushu obuveliswa ngexesha lokusebenza kokusila

2.3 Ukuxuba Nokuxuba ngokuchanekileyo

Ukuxuba ngokuchanekileyo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa kwezakhamzimba okufanayo kunye nomgangatho wokutya ohambelanayo. Ubuchwepheshe bokuxuba banamhlanje buquka:

• Iinkqubo zezithako ezincinci ezichanekileyo kakhuluiyakwazi ukukhupha izongezo ngokuchanekileyo ngamaxabiso aphantsi njenge-50 grams ngetoni nganye
• Iinkqubo zokuxuba eziqhubekayongokubeka esweni ukwakheka kunye nokulungiswa ngexesha langempela
• Itekhnoloji yokuxuba ye-3Dokuqinisekisa ukuhambelana ngokupheleleyo ngokusebenzisa intshukumo yezinto eziya kwicala elinye
• Uyilo lokunciphisa intsalelaezinciphisa ungcoliseko oludibanisa iibhetshi

Ukusetyenziswa kwezi teknoloji kuye kunciphisa i-coefficient of variation (CV) kwiindlela zokutya ezixutyiweyo ukusuka kumanqanaba embali e-10–15% ukuya kwimigangatho yangoku ye-3–5%, nto leyo ephucula kakhulu ukuhambelana kwesondlo kunye nokusebenza kwezilwanyana.

2.4 Iinkqubo zokuPelleting kunye nokuKhupha

Itekhnoloji yokugaya iipellets ibone uphuhliso olukhulu olugxile ekuphuculeni ukuqina kweepellets, ukugcinwa kwezondlo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso:

• Ukulungiswa kokulungiswa kwemekongenaliti echanekileyo yomphunga kunye nolawulo lwexesha lokugcina
• Uphuhliso lwetekhnolojikuquka ii-alloys ezikhethekileyo kunye nonyango lomphezulu olwandisa ubomi bokusebenza
• Ukubeka esweni umgangatho wepellet ngexesha langempelaukusebenzisa iinkqubo zokubona kunye nabavavanyi bokuqina
• Uyilo olusebenzisa amandla kakuhleezibuyisa ubushushu kwinkqubo yokutsalwa kweepellets

Iinkqubo zokukhupha ukutya okukhethekileyo (ukulima iintlanzi zasemanzini, ukutya kwezilwanyana zasekhaya) ziye zavela ngendlela efanayo:

• Izixhobo zokukhupha izinto ezijijekileyo ezimbiniinikezela ngolawulo oluphezulu lwenkqubo kunye nokuguquguquka
• Ulawulo oluchanekileyo lobushushu kunye noxinzeleloukugcinwa kwezondlo okufanelekileyo
• Iinkqubo zokusika ezizenzekelayongokubeka esweni ubude bexesha langempela kunye nohlengahlengiso

Ukwenziwa kwezinto ngokuzenzekelayo kunye notshintsho lwedijithali

3.1 Uyilo lweeNkqubo zoLawulo

Iifektri zanamhlanje zisebenzisa iindlela zokulawula ezintsonkothileyo ezidibanisa iileya ezininzi zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzekelayo:

• Ulawulo loLawulo kunye nokuFumaneka kwedatha (i-SCADA)iinkqubo ezibonelela ngokubeka esweni nokulawula okuphakathi
• IiNkqubo zoLawulo eziSasazweyo (i-DCS)kunye nezinto ezingafunekiyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthembeka
• Abalawuli be-Automable Automable (ii-PAC)ukudibanisa ukusebenza kwe-PLC kunye nobuchule bokucubungula obufana nekhompyutha
• Ujongano loMntu noMatshini (HMI)iinkqubo ezinombono ocacileyo kunye nolawulo lwe-alamu

Ezi nkqubo zivumela abaqhubi ukuba bajonge kwaye balawule yonke inkqubo yemveliso besuka kwindawo ephakathi, ngeempendulo ezenzekelayo kwiindlela eziphambukayo kunye nokurekhoda idatha epheleleyo ukuze kulandelelwe umgangatho.

3.2 Uhlalutyo lweDatha kunye nokuLungiselela iiNkqubo

Ukuhlanganiswa kohlalutyo oluphambili kubonisa inyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni imveliso yokutya:

• Ii-algorithms zolondolozo oluqikelelweyoezihlalutya idatha yokungcangcazela kwezixhobo, ubushushu, kunye nokusebenza kwazo ukuze ziqikelele ukusilela ngaphambi kokuba zenzeke
• Iimodeli zokuphucula inkquboezihlala zilungisa iiparameter zokusebenza ngokusekelwe kwiimilinganiselo zomgangatho wexesha langempela
• Uhlalutyo lokusetyenziswa kwamandlaukuchonga amathuba okuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle
• Iimodeli zokuqikelela umgangathoukusebenzisa idatha yembali ukuqikelela iimpawu zokugqibela zemveliso ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezifakwayo

3.3 Uqhagamshelo lwe-IoT kunye nokuBeka esweni okude

Itekhnoloji ye-Intanethi yezinto (i-IoT) itshintshe ukugcinwa nokusebenza koomatshini bokuphakela ukutya:

• Ukuxilongwa okukudeukuvumela amaqela enkxaso yobugcisa ukuba ahlalutye ukusebenza kwezixhobo naphi na emhlabeni
• Uhlalutyo oluqikelelweyoukusebenzisa idatha yesenzi ukuqikelela iimfuno zolondolozo kunye nokuphucula iishedyuli zenkonzo
• Ukulinganisa ukusebenzaukuthelekisa ukusebenza kwezixhobo kwiindawo ezininzi
• Ingxelo ezenzekelayoukuvelisa amaxwebhu okuthobela imithetho kunye nezatifikethi zomgangatho

Ezi zakhono zibe luncedo kakhulu ngexesha lobhubhane we-COVID-19, zivumela inkxaso yobugcisa eqhubekayo nangona kukho imiqathango yokuhamba kunye neemfuno zomgama phakathi kwabantu.

Iinkqubo zoLawulo loMgangatho kunye noQinisekiso

4.1 Ukubeka iliso kuMgangatho kwi-intanethi

Izakhiwo zanamhlanje zokuvelisa ukutya ziqhuba uhlolo olupheleleyo lomgangatho oluhambelanayo:

• I-spectroscopy ekufutshane ne-infrared (NIR)uhlalutyo lwangoku lokwenyani lomswakama, iiproteni, amafutha kunye nomxholo wefayibha
• Ukukhanya kwe-X-ray (XRF)uhlalutyo lwezimbiwa kunye nokufunyanwa kongcoliseko
• Iinkqubo zokubonaukuchongwa kwemilo yepellet, umbala, kunye nesiphako somphezulu
• Iinkqubo zokuthatha iisampulu ngokuzenzekelayoeziqokelela iisampulu ezimeleyo kwiindawo ezininzi zenkqubo

Ezi nkqubo zibonelela ngempendulo ekhawulezileyo yokulungiswa kwenkqubo, zithintela ukuphambuka komgangatho ngaphambi kokuba zichaphazele ubungakanani obukhulu bemveliso.

4.2 Ukulandelelwa kunye noXwebhu

Iinkqubo zokulandelela eziphuculweyo ziqinisekisa uxwebhu olupheleleyo lweenkqubo zemveliso:

• Ukulandelela ibhetshiukusuka kwirisithi yezinto eziluhlaza ukuya ekuthunyelweni kwemveliso egqityiweyo
• Ukugcinwa kweerekhodi nge-elektronikiebhala ngokuzenzekelayo zonke iiparameter zenkqubo kunye nokulinganiswa komgangatho
• Itekhnoloji yeBlockchainyokugcina iirekhodi ekhuselekileyo nengaguqukiyo kwiindawo zokuphakelwa kweprimiyamu
• Ukuveliswa kwesatifikethi ngokuzenzekelayoukuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho

Ukusetyenziswa kwezi nkqubo kunciphise iimpazamo zoxwebhu ngaphezulu90%ngelixa liphucula kakhulu amaxesha okuphendula ngexesha lophando olusemgangathweni okanye ukukhunjulwa.

4.3 Ukuhlanganiswa kweLebhu

Iilebhu zolawulo lomgangatho zanamhlanje zidityaniswe ngokungenamthungo neenkqubo zemveliso:

• Uthutho lwesampulu oluzenzekelayoukusuka kwiindawo zemveliso ukuya kwizikhululo zelebhu
• Iinkqubo zoLawulo loLwazi lweLebhu (ii-LIMS)abalandelela iisampulu kunye neziphumo kuyo yonke inkqubo yovavanyo
• Ukudluliselwa kwedatha ngqoukusuka kwizixhobo zohlalutyo ukuya kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwemveliso
• Ulawulo lwenkqubo yezibalo (i-SPC)isoftware echonga iindlela ezisetyenziswayo kunye nemiba enokubakho yomgangatho

Olu manyano luqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zelebhu ziyafumaneka ngoko nangoko ukuze kulungiswe inkqubo, nto leyo enciphisa ixesha phakathi kokuqokelelwa kweesampuli kunye nesenzo sokulungisa.

Izinto eziqwalaselwayo ngokuZinza kunye nokuSingqongileyo

5.1 Uyilo oluPhambili lokuSebenza kakuhle kwamandla

Abavelisi boomatshini bokutya benze inkqubela ebonakalayo ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kwamandla:

• Iimoto ezisebenza kakuhle kakhulukunye neereyithingi zokusebenza kakuhle kwe-premium (IE3, IE4)
• Iidrive zesantya eziguquguqukayoezihambelana nokuveliswa kwemoto neemfuno zenkqubo yokwenyani
• Iinkqubo zokubuyisa ubushushuukubamba ubushushu obungafunekiyo ukuze kufudunyezwe indawo okanye kusetyenziswe izinto ezilungisiweyo
• Uyilo lwenkqubo olulungiselelweyoukunciphisa ukwehla koxinzelelo kunye nokulahleka koomatshini

Ezi zinto zintsha ziye zanciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngetoni nganye yokutya okuveliswa yi25–35%xa kuthelekiswa nezixhobo ezenziwe kwiminyaka eli-15 eyadlulayo.

5.2 Ulawulo loKhupho kunye nokuNcitshiswa koKhupho

Oomatshini bokutya banamhlanje baquka iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula ukukhutshwa komoya:

• Iinkqubo zokuqokelela uthulikunye novavanyo lokusebenza kakuhle olungaphezulu kwe-99.9%
• Iitekhnoloji zokulawula ivumbakuquka ii-biofilters kunye nee-chemical scrubbers
• Ubunjineli bokunciphisa ingxolongokusebenzisa izixhobo ezivalekileyo kunye nokudambisa ukungcangcazela
• Iinkqubo zokonga amanziinkqubo yokuphinda kusetyenziswe amanzi kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi

5.3 Ukuhlanganiswa koQoqosho olujikelezayo

Abavelisi abacinga phambili bafaka imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho olujikelezayo:

• Izixhobo ezenzelwe ukuqhaqhaukwenza kube lula ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kunye nokurisayikilisha izinto
• Iinkqubo zokuhlaziyaukwandisa ubomi bezixhobo ngokuhlaziya ngokupheleleyo
• Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezisetyenziswayo kubeka phambili ukusebenziseka kwakhonakunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo
• Ukubuyiselwa kwamandla kwimveliso ezilandela inkqubonjengokusebenzisa uthuli lokutya njengepetroli kwiibhoyila zebhayomass

Iindlela Zekamva kunye NeeTekhnoloji Ezisakhulayo

6.1 Ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye nokufunda koomatshini

Umda olandelayo kubuchwepheshe boomatshini bokuphakela ukutya ubandakanya ukuhlanganiswa okunzulu kwe-AI:

• Ukulungiswa kwenkqubo ezimeleyoapho iinkqubo zifunda kwaye ziphucuka rhoqo ngaphandle kokungenelela komntu
• Imodeli yomgangatho oqikelelweyoukusebenzisa ii-algorithms ezintsonkothileyo ukuqikelela iimpawu zokugqibela zemveliso
• Iinkqubo zokufumanisa izinto ezingaqhelekangaukuchonga ukuphambuka okungabonakaliyo kwenkqubo ngaphambi kokuba kuchaphazele umgangatho
• Ujongano lolwimi lwendaloukuvumela abaqhubi ukuba basebenzisane neenkqubo besebenzisa imiyalelo yencoko

6.2 Izixhobo eziPhambili kunye noMveliso

Ukuqhubela phambili kwesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo kuvumela amandla amatsha ezixhobo:

• Izixhobo zeNanocompositeukubonelela ngokumelana nokuguguleka okuphezulu kunye nokungqubana okuncitshisiweyo
• Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezongeziweyo (ukuprinta kwe-3D)kwiijiyometri zezixhobo ezintsonkothileyo kunye neeprototyping ezikhawulezayo
• Izixhobo zokuziphilisaezilungisa ngokuzenzekelayo umonakalo omncinci ngexesha lokusebenza
• Unyango oluphambili lomphezuluukunciphisa ukunamathela kwezinto kunye nokuphucula ukucoceka

6.3 Ukuhlanganiswa nokuLima iiMfuyo ngendlela echanekileyo

Oomatshini bokutya badityaniswa ngakumbi neenkqubo zokulima imfuyo ezichanekileyo ngokubanzi:

• Iinkqubo zokutya izilwanyana nganye nganyeezilungiselela izabelo ngokusekelwe kwidatha yokusebenza ngexesha langempela
• Ukuhlanganiswa neenkqubo zokubeka esweni impiloukulungisa iindlela zokutya ezisekelwe kwiimpawu zempilo yezilwanyana
• Ukulandelela impembelelo kwindalo esingqongileyoukuphucula iindlela zokutya ukuze kuncitshiswe ukukhutshwa kwezondlo
• Ukuhlanganiswa kwekhonkco loboneleloukudibanisa imveliso yokutya kunye nokucubungula kunye nokusasazwa okusezantsi

Isifundo seTyala: I-Liyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd.

7.1 Ifilosofi yeNkampani kunye nokuzibophelela kuMgangatho

I-Liyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd. ibonakalisa ukugqwesa kwezobuchwepheshe kunye nokuzinikela okusemgangathweni okuqhuba ishishini loomatshini bokutya banamhlanje. Yasekwa kwimigaqo yobunjineli obuchanekileyo kunye nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha ezijolise kubathengi, inkampani izibonakalise njengenkokeli ngokusebenzisa:

• Iiprotokholi zolawulo lomgangatho oluqinileyoezidlula imigangatho yoshishino kwinqanaba ngalinye lemveliso
• Uphando oluqhubekayo nophuhlisoutyalo-mali malunga ne-8% yengeniso yonyaka kwizinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe
• Iinkqubo zovavanyo ezibanziukubeka yonke into ephambili ekuqinisekisweni kokusebenza ngaphambi kokuba ihlanganiswe
• Indlela yokusebenzisana nabathengiukusebenza ngokusondeleyo nabathengi ukuqonda imingeni ethile kunye nokuphuhlisa izisombululo ezenzelwe bona

7.2 Ubuchule bobuchwephesha kunye negalelo

Igalelo lobuchwephesha lenkampani kushishino luquka:

• Itekhnoloji yokuxuba impahlaukufikelela ekuxubeni ii-coefficients ezifanayo ngaphantsi kwe-5% kwiifomyula ezahlukeneyo
• Iinkqubo zokugaya ezisebenzisa amandla aphantsiukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla athile ngama-28% xa kuthelekiswa nomndilili weshishini
• Iinkqubo zolawulo eziphucukileyoene-interfaces enobuchule kunye nobuchule obupheleleyo bokuhlalutya idatha
• Ubunjineli bokuqinaukwandisa ubomi benkonzo yezixhobo ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye noyilo

7.3 Ukugqwesa ekuphunyezweni kunye neNkxaso kuBathengi

Ngaphaya kokwenziwa kwezixhobo, uLiyang Hongyang uyazihlula ngokuphumeza kunye nenkxaso:

• Ulawulo olupheleleyo lweprojekthiukususela kuyilo lokuqala ukuya ekuqaliseni nasekulungiseni
• Iinkqubo zoqeqesho ezibanziukuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi babathengi bafikelela ekusetyenzisweni kwezixhobo okuphezulu
• Inkxaso yobugcisa efumaneka imini nobusukukunye namaxesha okuphendula aphakathi angaphantsi kwemizuzu engama-30 kwimiba ebalulekileyo
• Iinkqubo zesiqinisekiso sokusebenzaamandla okuxhasa izixhobo kunye nezibophelelo ezinokulinganiswa

Isiphelo